The Basics

*Extensive usage noticed: This app is still in development and property of Civils2000. Only allowed for DEVELOPMENT USE

Please check Information below with an actual Civils Engineer before Deployment

Introduction

This Construction Reference App is a practical field guide designed for construction personnel, supervisors, foremen, plant operators, site agents, and engineers. It provides quick access to essential construction information, calculations, plant data, material properties, method statements, unit conversions, and industry guidelines in a simple, searchable format.

The purpose of the app is to reduce time wasted searching through manuals, improve decision-making on site, and provide reliable reference information when planning, supervising, or executing construction activities. Whether calculating quantities, checking plant capacities, reviewing construction methods, or confirming material specifications, the app serves as a convenient all-in-one reference tool for everyday site operations.

Steps to add as a Button on your home page

Android

Open the Netlify URL in Chrome.
Tap the ⋮ menu.
Tap Add to Home Screen or Install App.
Confirm.

iPhone

Open the Netlify URL in Safari (must be Safari).
Tap the Share button (square with arrow pointing up).
Scroll down.
Tap Add to Home Screen.
Tap Add.

Material Properties

Standard Material Densities

Material	BCM (Bank m³) t/m³	LCM (Loose m³) t/m³	CCM (Compacted m³) t/m³
Water	1.00	N/A	N/A
Topsoil	1.20–1.50	1.00–1.25	1.30–1.65
Sand (dry)	1.50–1.70	1.35–1.55	1.60–1.80
Sand (wet)	1.80–2.00	1.65–1.85	1.90–2.10
Gravel	1.60–1.90	1.40–1.70	1.70–2.00
Crushed Stone	1.50–1.80	1.35–1.60	1.65–1.95
G5 Material	1.90–2.20	1.70–2.00	2.00–2.35
G6 Material	1.80–2.10	1.60–1.90	1.90–2.25
Asphalt	2.30–2.45	2.15–2.30	2.35–2.50
Concrete	2.30–2.50	N/A	N/A
Cement	1.40–1.50	1.20–1.30	N/A

BCM, LCM & CCM Conversion Table (Typical Earthworks)

Material	BCM → LCM	LCM → BCM	BCM → CCM	CCM → BCM
Topsoil	× 1.20	÷ 1.20	× 0.90	÷ 0.90
Common Earth	× 1.25	÷ 1.25	× 0.90	÷ 0.90
Clay	× 1.30	÷ 1.30	× 0.85	÷ 0.85
Sand	× 1.10	÷ 1.10	× 0.95	÷ 0.95
Gravel	× 1.15	÷ 1.15	× 0.95	÷ 0.95
Shale	× 1.35	÷ 1.35	× 0.85	÷ 0.85
Soft Rock	× 1.50	÷ 1.50	× 0.80	÷ 0.80
Hard Rock (Blasted)	× 1.65	÷ 1.65	× 0.75	÷ 0.75

"Values are typical/indicative for estimating purposes. Actual swell and shrinkage factors vary with soil moisture, density, and site conditions — always verify with site-specific geotechnical data or local code requirements for contract/payment calculations."

Rebar (Cut and Bend)

Cross-sectional area and nominal mass per meter of steel bar

Bar Size (mm)	Nominal Mass (kg/m)	Cross-sectional Area (mm²)
6	0.222	28.3
8	0.395	50.3
10	0.617	78.5
12	0.888	113.0
16	1.58	201.0
20	2.47	314.0
25	3.85	491.0
32	6.31	804.0
40	9.86	1260.0

Sectional areas per meter width various bar spacings(mm^2):

Diameter (mm)	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275	300
8	671	503	402	335	287	252	223	201	183	167
10	1046	785	628	523	448	393	349	314	285	261
12	1506	1130	904	753	645	565	502	452	410	376
16	2679	2010	1608	1339	1148	1005	892	804	730	669
20	4186	3140	2512	2091	1793	1570	1394	1256	1140	1046
25	6545	4910	3928	3270	2804	2455	2180	1964	1782	1635
32	10717	8040	6432	5355	4591	4020	3570	3219	2919	2677
40	16796	12600	10080	8392	7195	6300	5594	5040	4574	4196

Summary of Shape Codes

Concrete Mixes

wb in attached tables = levelled off builder’s wheelbarrow of 65 liter capacity.

CEMENT TYPE - 32.5N

Strength	Stone Size (mm)	Cement	Sand (Damp)	Stone	Approx Yield	50kg Bags/m³	River Sand (m³)	Stone (m³)
Low (15 MPa)	19.0	2 bags	3.5 wb	3.5 wb	0.35 m³	5.8	0.65	0.65
Low (15 MPa)	13.2	2 bags	4.0 wb	2.5 wb	0.33 m³	6.1	0.80	0.50
Medium (25 MPa)	19.0	2 bags	2.5 wb	2.5 wb	0.26 m³	7.7	0.62	0.62
Medium (25 MPa)	13.2	2 bags	2.5 wb	2.0 wb	0.24 m³	8.4	0.68	0.54
High (30 MPa)	19.0	2 bags	2.0 wb	2.0 wb	0.22 m³	9.2	0.60	0.60
High (30 MPa)	13.2	2 bags	2.0 wb	1.5 wb	0.20 m³	10.2	0.66	0.50

CEMENT TYPE - GRADE 42.5N

Strength	Stone Size (mm)	Cement	Sand (Damp)	Stone	Approx Yield	50kg Bags/m³	River Sand (m³)	Stone (m³)
Low (15 MPa)	19.0	2 bags	4.0 wb	4.0 wb	0.39 m³	5.1	0.67	0.67
Low (15 MPa)	13.2	2 bags	4.5 wb	3.0 wb	0.37 m³	5.4	0.79	0.53
Medium (25 MPa)	19.0	2 bags	3.0 wb	3.0 wb	0.30 m³	6.6	0.64	0.64
Medium (25 MPa)	13.2	2 bags	3.0 wb	2.5 wb	0.28 m³	7.1	0.69	0.58
High (30 MPa)	19.0	2 bags	2.5 wb	2.5 wb	0.26 m³	7.7	0.62	0.62
High (30 MPa)	13.2	2 bags	2.5 wb	2.0 wb	0.24 m³	8.4	0.68	0.52

Applications

STRENGTH

APPLICATIONS

LOW

Lightly loaded footings & foundations: blinding, mass fill; infill concrete in masonry (13.2mm)

MEDIUM

Reinforced foundations & slabs; domestic & office floors on the ground; garden foot paths;

Domestic driveways; infill concrete in reinforced masonry (13.2mm)

HIGH

Concrete roads & industrial driveways; heavy duty floors on the ground for workshops; cattle sheds; precast units; suspended structural beams & slabs.

General Notes for Mortar and Plaster

Mixes shown with a (#) are for small batches using equal volume containers, e.g. 1 tin cement: 3.5 tins sand, yielding 3 tins of material when mixed with water.
A 25 kg bag of builder’s lime has a volume of 40 liters.
Make batches small enough such they can be used up in about 2 hours. Never re-temper old, stiffened mortar or plaster by mixing in more water.
Excessive suction in clay bricks should be controlled by wetting the bricks before plastering or laying. Concrete masonry units should not be wet when used.

Plaster Mixes

Use Cement type 42.5N or 32.5N tables

Application		Cement	Plaster Sand (Damp)	Approx Yield	Cement (bags/m³ mortar)	Sand (m³/m³ mortar)
Mix A: Foundations, constant wet conditions, aggressive soils		2 bags	4.0 wb	0.22 m³	13.8	1.8
Mix B: Internal and external walls above DPC level		2 bags	6.0 wb	0.30 m³	9.9	1.9
Mix	Lime Addition
Mix A	0–20 litres
Mix B	0–80 litres

*NOTE

Hydrated builders’ lime can be added to the above 2 bag mixes as a workability improver in the Mix A and Mix B quantities

Mortar Mixes

Use Cement type 42.5N or 32.5N tables

Application	Cement	Building Sand (Damp)	Approx Yield (m³)	Cement Required per m³ Mortar (bags)	Sand Required per m³ Mortar (m³)
General Purpose Mortar for Masonry	2 bags	8.0 wb	0.30	6.6	1.3

*NOTE

Optional hydrated builder's lime addition: 0–80 liters per 2-bag mix.

Reinforcement Table of Sizes, Area, Perimeter and Mass

Diameter (mm)	6	8	10	12	16	20	25	32	40
Area (mm²)	28.3	50.3	78.5	113	201	314	491	804	1260
Perimeter (mm)	18.8	25.1	31.4	37.7	50.3	62.9	78.6	100.6	125.7
Mass (kg/m)	0.222	0.395	0.617	0.888	1.58	2.47	3.85	6.31	9.86

Welded Mesh Fabric Reinforcement Standard Fabrics

	FABRIC	MESH SIZE Nominal Pitch of Wires		WIRE SIZES		CROSS SECTIONAL AREA/m WIDTH		NOMINAL MASS/m²
	Ref No.	Main mm	Cross mm	Main mm	Cross mm	Main Mm	Cross Mm	Kg	Supplied in
SQUARE MESH FABRIC	888	200	200	12	12	566	566	8.88	SHEETS ONLY 6m x 2.4m SHEETS OR ROLLS
	746	200	200	11	11	475	475	7.46
	617	200	200	10	10	393	393	6.17
	500	200	200	9	9	318	318	5.00
	395	200	200	8	8	251	251	3.95
	311	200	200	7.1	7.1	198	198	3.11
	245	200	200	6.3	6.3	156	156	2.45
	193	200	200	5.6	5.6	123	123	1.93
	100	200	200	4.0	4.0	63	63	1.00

Concrete Strength Classes

Strengths (MPa)
15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60

Minimum Concrete Cover

Exposure	Cover (mm)
Moderate	25–50
Severe	35–50
Marine	50–80

Concrete Slump Requirements

Application	Slump (mm)
Reinforced Concrete	50–125
Pumped Concrete	≤125

Concrete Grout Strength Graph

Approximate % strength grain development

Earthworks

Gravel Material Classes (G1–G7)

Class	Typical Use	Min CBR
G1	Premium crushed stone base	-
G2	High-quality crushed stone base	-
G3	Crushed stone base	-
G4	Subbase	80
G5	Selected subbase	45
G6	Lower subbase	25
G7	Fill / lower pavement layers	15

CBR Quality Guide

CBR	Quality
>80	Excellent
50–80	Good
20–50	Fair
<20	Poor

Required Compaction

Layer	Density Requirement (Mod AASHTO)
Selected Layer	93%
Upper Selected Layer	93–95%
Subbase	95%
Base	98%
Shoulders	93%

Typical OMC & MDD (Mod AASHTO)

Material	OMC (%)	MDD (kg/m³)
G5	6–10	2100–2350
G6	7–11	2000–2250
G7	8–12	1900–2200

Conversion Tables & Standard Sizes

Imperial/Metric Units

Category	Conversion
Length	1 inch = 25.4 mm
	1 foot = 0.3048 m
	1 yard = 0.9144 m
Area	1 ha = 10 000 m²
	1 km² = 100 ha
	1 acre = 0.4047 ha
Volume	1 m³ = 1000 L
	1 L = 0.001 m³
	1 US gallon = 3.785 L
Pressure	1 MPa = 1000 kPa
Pressure	1 bar = 100 kPa

Standard Brick Sizes

South African Clay Brick

Brick Type	Size (mm)
Standard Brick	222 × 106 × 73
NFX Brick	222 × 106 × 73
Maxi Brick	290 × 140 × 90

Typical Wall Thickness

Wall Type	Thickness	Bricks per m²
Half Brick	110 mm	55
One Brick	230 mm	110
One-and-a-Half Brick	340 mm	165
Double Brick	450 mm	220

Standard Pipe Sizes & Falls

Plastic Pipes (PVC / HDPE)

DN generally corresponds to the Outside Diameter (OD).

DN Size	External Diameter (ED) (mm)
DN50	50
DN75	75
DN110	110
DN160	160
DN200	200
DN250	250
DN315	315
DN375	375
DN450	450
DN600	600

Note: Internal diameter varies according to pipe class, SDR, and wall thickness.

Precast Concrete Pipes (e.g. Rockla)

Pipes are generally specified by Internal Diameter (ID). External diameter varies by wall thickness and pipe class.

Nominal Pipe Size	Internal Diameter (ID) (mm)	External Diameter (ED) (mm)
300	300	~420–460
375	375	~500–540
450	450	~580–620
600	600	~740–800
750	750	~900–980
900	900	~1060–1160
1200	1200	~1380–1500

* OD varies depending on the pipe class (e.g. Class 50D, 75D, 100D, etc.) and manufacturer specifications.

Recommended Minimum Pipe Falls (Gravity Sewer – Plastic Pipes)

Pipe Size	Minimum Gradient	Approx. Fall (mm/m)
DN110	1:60	16.7
DN160	1:100	10
DN200	1:150	6.7
DN250	1:200	5
DN315	1:250	4

Rule of thumb: For general site work, try not to go flatter than 1:100

Plant Capacity

Flat Haul Road Distance – Rules of Thumb

For a flat haul distance of 0.5 km use 3 trucks
1.0 km use 4 trucks
Anything over 1 km use 4 trucks plus one extra truck per additional km.

Average truck hauling speeds – each way

Distance Range (m)	Speed (km/h)
0 - 250	10
0 - 500	12
0 - 750	15
0 - 1000	27
0 - 1500	25
0 - 2000	30
0 - 3000	35
> 3000	40

Hauling – Rules of Thumb

(One way haul distances)

Dozers: 0 to 50m
Load and carry 50 to 120m.
Scrapers: 120 to 900m
ADT’s: 120 to 3000m
Rigid: 250 to 9000m
Semi-Trailers: 9000m

(Loading)

Load placement centrally over lift cylinders
No overloading as this causes spilling on the haul road
Truck exchange time should be less than 45 seconds
Target 33% / 67% payload split on front / rear axles
Loading tool dictates truck position in load area – spotting the truck ensures loading is optimized.

Haul Road Guidelines

Haul road is the lifeline of the site.
Haul road starts at the loading face and ends at the dump.
Keep two-way traffic moving at all times.
Minimum haul road width = 3 to 4 truck widths.
Ensure consistent grades on roads to minimise transmission shifts.
Avoid steep grades wherever possible.
Grades should never exceed 1:10.
Reduce total resistance (rolling and grade resistance).
Roads should be driveable at approximately 60 km/h in a bakkie.
Fix it once and fix it right.
Ensure right-of-way is clearly demarcated and signposted.
Reduce bottlenecks and sharp turns.
Safety berm height should be at least 50% of wheel diameter.

Graders – Rules of Thumb

The blade pitch towards the front helps for fine grading application. In this position, the blade leaves most of the fine material on the road surface (Figure 1)
Blade pitch is for normal works (mixing) and for haul road maintenance. (Figure 2)
Blade pitch on back position: to carry material, dig or cut drains. (Figure 3)
Grade in 2^nd or 3^rd gear (6-11 kph)
Always use Diff Lock when blading & ripping
Take off Diff Lock when turning (check red light on cab)
Rip in 1^st gear
Only rip in soft or intermediate material
Use straight frame for maximum traction when ripping
Raise ripper out of material when turning
Do not drag ripper bar in material

Graders: For windows & stockpiles

Articulate back frame toward heel of the blade. Shift the drawbar, circle & blade towards piles and angle the blade to 30 or 40 degrees. Cut out a manageable windrow & spread. Work material in both directions so that it isn’t moved too far. Keep diff lock on to prevent tyre spin (Red light on cab)

When material must be moved straight ahead, keep the blade square to the main frame but shifted towards the piles. Place the drawbar circle near it’s center position.

For Material Mixing

Use crab mode for this application.
Tip the top of the blade approximately 12.7 centimeters ahead of the cutting edge
Angle the bade approximately 30 to 45 degrees to the mainframe
Articulate the ack frame toward the heel of the blade 18 to 20 degrees.
The best gears for mixing material are 3^rd & 4^th
Using the proper blade tip angle results in better mixing & requires less horsepower to move material

Application Guidelines – Vibratory rollers

Machine Service Times & Approximate Tyre Pressure

Machine Service Times

Operating Time (Hour)	Service Time (Hour)
250	2-3
500	5-6
1000	7-8
2000	10+

Approximate Tyre Pressure

Vehicle	Pressure (kPa)
ADT’s	380-450
Graders	200-280
Tippers 10 & 12 m3	700-730
Water/Diesel Bowers	680-720
FE Loaders Front Back	480-520 380-420

Bucket Capacity & Fill Factor

Material	Fill Factor Range as % of Heaped Bucket Capacity
Moist Loam or Sandy Clay(A)	100-110%
Sand and Gravel(B)	95-110%
Hard, tough Clay(C)	80-90%
Rock – Well Blasted (C)	60-75%
Rock – Poorly Blasted (C)	40-50%

Machine	Bucket Type	Width (mm)	Heaped Capacity (m³)
JCB 3CX Digger Loader	Bladed	150-1219	0.009-0.83
	Ditch Maintenance	700-2500	0.035-1.96
	Extra Heavy Duty	1650-1800	1.9-2.34
	Filleted Bladed	461-610	0.26-0.4
	GP	150-1873	0.009-2.01
	Grading	1000-2134	0.105-0.92
	Heavy Duty	0.051-1.41	0.063-1.93
	Ribbed	250-915	0.063-0.46
	Tapered Ditching	305-1067	0.1
Volvo EC55D Compact Excavator 5t	General Purpose – Universal Cut	450 or 770	0.098 or 0.2
	Fixed Ditching	450 or 770	0.098 or 0.2
	Tiltable Ditching	450 or 770	0.098 or 0.2
	General Purpose – Straight Cut	450 or 770	0.098 or 0.2
Komatsu PC130 Excavator 13t	Basic Digging	400-900	0.18 – 0.56
	General Purpose & Heavy Duty	1000-1125	0.53-0.64
	Heavy-Duty Rock	900-1000	0.5-0.6
	Ditch Cleaning / Grading	1200-1500	0.74
Komatsu PC138US-8 13t	SAE J 296, PCSA	450 - 979	0.18 – 0.6
	CECE	450 - 979	0.16 – 0.55
Volvo EC210 Excavator 21t	Trenching	600 - 900	0.48 – 0.7
	Standard Heavy Duty	1125 – 1250	0.92 - 1.1
	High-Capacity / Light Material	1400 – 1500	1.11 – 1.22
	Rock / Heavy Duty	750 - 1050	0.48 – 0.8
Kobelco SK220XD-10 Excavator 22t	General Digging	1140 - 1340	0.8 - 1
Typical 40-ton Excavator	Trenching	600–1200	1.4–1.8
	Standard Heavy Duty	1200–1800	1.8–2.4
	High-Capacity / Light Material	1800–2400	2.4–2.8
	Rock / Severe Duty	900–1500	1.4–2.0

Productions: Load & Haul

Key Principles

Minimise loading times
Optimise the haul road and maintain it well
Wherever possible, take the shortest loaded route and longest empty route
Avoid bunching at the loader or dump
Manage haul distances if truck numbers are fixed

Rolling Resistance

10 cm tyre penetration is equivalent to approximately adding an 8% grade to the road.
Even at zero penetration, rolling resistance is 2% due to tyre flex.
In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in:
- up to 10% decrease in productivity
- and a 35% increase in production costs

Considerations for Production:

Excavators / FE Loaders:

Bucket size - LCM (heaped)
Bucket fill factors – 80% to 110%
Loose to Compacted material factor
Efficiency – minutes per hour
Operator skill / ability – 80% / 90% / 100%
Swing cycle time – seconds
Truck exchange time – seconds

Haulers:

Truck capacity – LCM
Loose to Compacted material factor
Haulk road condition(s)
Grade and Rolling resistance levels

Focus Areas for “Cost per m³” Improvement

A 5% change in any of the focus areas will yield the approximate percentage change in the “cost per m³” within the operation.

Pipelines / Trenching– Rules of Thumb

Prepare access roads
Manage stormwater
Prepare river / stream crossings ahead of time
Find trench “stoppages” ahead of time and manage
Match equipment to trench requirements
Know the trench material (angle of repose / stability) and consider trench stability / safety.
Manage bucket sizes to suit trench dimensions
Keep the “train” in sequence
Keep the “spread” within contact limits
Separate materials
Minimum slew angle when trenching – 15 to 45 degrees
Manage stacking/end caps/ovality

1 BCM

Swell 1,2-1,4 LCM

0,9-1,1 CCM

Tipper

Gravel

7,2 BCM

72%

10 LCM

100%

7 CCM

70%

Useful information

TARGET PAYLOADS
Vehicle	Target Payload
10 m³ Tipper	18 tonnes
12 m³ Tipper	18–22 tonnes
Cat 725 ADT	23 tonnes
Cat 730 ADT	28 tonnes
Cat 735 ADT	32 tonnes
Cat 740 E-ADT	38 tonnes

Vehicle	Typical Body Capacity (m³)	Target Payload (t)
Tipper Truck 6 Cube (TT7–TT9)	6	10–12 t
Tipper Truck 10 Cube (TT10–TT17)	10	18 t
Water Truck 16 000 L (T24, T42–T44)	16	16 t
Fuel Truck 3 400 L (DBT1–DBT2)	3.4	±2.8–3.0 t

Rotary Mixer / Recycler Production Factors

Operation	Depth of Cut (mm)	Travel Speed per Minute
Operation	Depth of Cut (mm)	(RM)	Wirtgen
Pre-Milling	150	12	14
Pre-Milling	300	10	12
Roadbed	150	8	10
Roadbed	300	6	8
Fill Layers	150	10	12
Fill Layers	300	8	10
Stabilised Subbase	150	10	10
	200	9	9
	250	8	8
	300	8	8
ETB	150		12
	200		10
	250		10
	300		8

Equipment Machine Registry of Civils2000

[Maybe replace with tender list from Andrew]

Plant / Vehicle	Description	Plant / Vehicle	Description
Excavator	5.5 t	Asphalt Feeder	Vogele MT3000-2
Excavator + Hammer	5.5 t	Asphalt Feeder	1.2 m
Excavator	13–14 t	Asphalt Feeder	2 m
Excavator	14 t Wheeled	Paver	Vogele Super 800
Excavator	20–21 t	Paver	Vogele Super 1803-3i
Skidsteer Loader	-	Paver	Vogele Super 1603-3
Front End Loader	1.5 m³	Paver	Vogele Super 1180 SL Tracked
Mobile Crane	26–30 t	Asphalt Roller	Sit-on Double Drum 2.5 t
Motor Grader	Komatsu GD555 (140 kW)	Asphalt Roller	Double Drum 10 t
Motor Grader	Komatsu GD675 (165 kW)	Asphalt Roller	Double Drum 13 t
Recycler	BOMAG MPH125	Asphalt Roller	Pneumatic Tyre 20 t
Recycler	WIRTGEN WR240	Asphalt Roller	Pneumatic Tyre 24–27 t
Construction Roller	Sit-on Double Drum 2 t	Asphalt Roller	Three Wheel Static
Construction Roller	Single Drum 10 t	Chip Spreader	Etnyre Chip Spreader
Construction Roller	Single Drum 19 t	Broom	Broce Broom
TLB	4x4 Digger Loader
LDV	Toyota Hilux 2.4 GD LWB 1 t
Flatbed Truck	4 t
Crane Truck	12 t
Tipper	6 m³
Tipper	10 m³
Diesel Truck	3500 L
Water Truck	16 000 L
Water Truck	18 000 L

Product Range Specifications

TLB (Tractor Loader Backhoe)

Specification	Value
Net Peak Power	72 kW @ 2 000 rpm
Net Peak Torque	392 Nm @ 1 400 rpm
Displacement	4.5 L
Backhoe Digging Force	55 kN
Digging Depth (Std)	4 170 mm
Digging Depth (Ext)	5 390 mm
Bucket Width / Capacity	610 mm / 0.21 m³
Loader Bucket Width / Capacity	2 400 mm / 1.00 m³
Loader Breakout Force	46.8 kN
Operating Weight	8 040 kg

315SL Work Pro TLB

Specification	Value
Net Peak Power	72 kW @ 2 000 rpm
Net Peak Torque	392 Nm @ 1 400 rpm
Displacement	4.5 L
Backhoe Digging Force	55 kN
Digging Depth (Std)	4 170 mm
Digging Depth (Ext)	5 390 mm
Operating Weight	9 114 kg

Excavators

Model	Operating Weight	Bucket Capacity	Rated Power
SK55SRX	5 160 kg	0.16 m³	29.6 kW
SK75SR	6 940 kg	0.28 m³	42 kW
SK135SR	13 900 kg	0.50 m³	74 kW
SK210LC-10	21 200 kg	1.0 m³	118 kW
SK260LC-10	25 800 kg	1.4 m³	137 kW
SK300LC-10	31 700 kg	1.7 m³	185 kW
SK380XDLC-10	38 300 kg	2.1 m³	191 kW
SK500/520XDLC-10	52 700 kg	3.0 m³	257 kW
SK850LC	81 700 kg	5.1 m³	370 kW

620G Motor Grader

Specification	Value
Net Power	138 kW
Peak Torque	831 Nm @ 1 000 rpm
Max Speed	45.5 km/h
Drive	6×6 or 6×4
Operating Weight	17 509 kg
Turning Radius	7 210 mm
Wheelbase	6 160 mm
Blade Base	2 570 mm
Dimensions (L×H×W)	9 990 × 3 180 × 2 640 mm

670G Plus / 672G Plus Motor Grader

Specification	Value
Net Power	172 kW
Peak Torque	1 214 Nm
Max Speed	45.5 km/h
Drive	6×4 / 6×6
Operating Weight	18 529–19 300 kg

Roller - Double Drum 10t

Dynapac CC425 Tandem Roller

Item	Specification
Max. operating mass	9,650 kg
Operating mass (incl. Canopy)	9,200 kg
Operating mass (incl. ROPS)	kg
Module mass (front/rear)	4,800 kg/ 4,400 kg
Rated power, SAE J1995	(76 hp ) @ 2,200 rpm

Roller - Single Drum 10t

Dynapac CCA255 Single Drum 10t Roller

Item	Specification
Operating mass (incl. Canopy)	10830 kg
Module mass (front/rear)	6580 kg/ 4250 kg
Max. operating mass	12100 kg
Tyre size (8 ply)	23.1 x 26
Max. theoretical gradeability	34 %
Rated power, SAE J1995	77.2 kW (105 hp ) @ 2200 rpm

Tipper Truck 6 Cube

Mitsubishi FUSO FJ16-230S Tipper – Dropside

Item	Specification
Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM)	16,000 kg
Gross Combination Mass (GCM)	24,000 kg
Maximum Towing Mass (D/T)	24,000 kg
Body + Payload Capacity	10,010 kg
Fuel Tank Capacity	290 L
Maximum Power	170 kW @ 2,200 rpm
Maximum Torque	810 Nm @ 1,200–1,600 rpm

Tipper Truck 10 Cube

FUSO FJ26-280C HUB Tipper

Specification	Value
GVM (Manufacturer's Gross Vehicle Mass)	27,500 kg
GCM (Manufacturer's Gross Combination Mass)	27,500 kg
D/T (Permissible Maximum Towing / Drawing Vehicle Mass)	27,500 kg
Permissible Body + Payload	17,266 kg
Fuel Tank Capacity	200 L
Engine Power	205 kW @ 2,200 rpm
Engine Torque	1,100 Nm @ 1,200–1,600 rpm

*Note

for Fuel Consumptions, please refer to The indexed Fuel consumptions section belowe

Fuel Consumption

Fuel Rates from Tender list (L/hr)

Plant Category	Machine Description	Fuel Consumption (L/hr)
Diesel Truck	Fuel Trucks 3400L	5.174
Digger Loader	Digger Loader	5.000
Excavator	Excavator 13–14t	7.481
Excavator	Excavator 14t Wheeled	5.600
Excavator	Excavator 21–22t	13.524
Excavator	Excavator 5t	4.700
Flat Truck	Crane Truck 13t	9.000
Flat Truck	Flat Truck 4t	3.400
Loader - Skidsteer	Skid Steer Loader	4.891
Loader - Wheeled	Loader	5.400
Lowbed	Lowbed Horse	9.200
Material Feeder	Automated Transfer Vehicle	16.200
Milling Machine	Milling Machine 1.2m	17.600
Milling Machine	Milling Machine 2.0m	24.100
Mobile Crane	Mobile Crane 20–25t	7.000
Mobile Crane	Mobile Crane 26–30t	5.416
Motor Grader	Motor Grader Large MG8 Problem ask Chris	6.800
Motor Grader	Motor Grader Large MG9	15.000
Motor Grader	Motor Grader Small	10.600
Paver	Paver - Compact	3.000
Paver	Paver - Crawler	14.600
Paver	Paver - Wheeled	12.342
Recycler	Recycler - Soil Stabiliser	20.900
Road Sweeper	Rotary Broom	4.100
Roller - Static	Pneumatic 20t, Pneumatic 27t, Three Wheel 10t	5.600
Roller - Vibratory	Roller - Double Drum 10t	10.796
Roller - Vibratory	Roller - Double Drum 13t	10.600
Roller - Vibratory	Roller - Single Drum 10t	8.227
Roller - Vibratory	Roller - Sit-On 2t models don’t match	4.849
Roller - Vibratory	Roller - Sit-On Double Drum 2.5t	3.131
Water Truck	Water Trucks 16000L	5.695
Water Truck	Water Trucks 18000L	2.800
Maby show Chris odd numbers in fuel lst

Basic Calculations

Formula: Properties of Various sections Not perfect yet

BCM and LCM Calculations

VOLUME MEASURE

BCM (BCY): One cubic metre (yard) of material as it lies in the natural bank state.
LCM (LCY): One cubic metre (yard) of material which has been disturbed and swelled as a result of movement.
CCM (CCY): One cubic metre (yard) of material which has been compacted and has become more dense because of compaction.

Swell Relationship

1 + Swell = Loose cubic volume for a given weight/ Bank cubic volume for the same given weight

Bank = Loose ÷ (1 + Swell)

Loose = Bank × (1 + Swell)

Example

If material swells 20%, how many loose cubic metres (LCM) will it take to move 1,000 BCM?

Loose = Bank × (1 + Swell)

= 1,000 BCM × (1 + 0.20)

= 1,200 LCM

2. LOAD FACTOR

If 1 BCM is excavated and becomes 1.3 LCM, then the weight remains the same although the volume increases.
Instead of dividing by (1 + Swell) to determine BCM, the loose volume may be multiplied by the Load Factor (LF).
If the percentage swell is known, the Load Factor can be calculated as:

Load Factor Formula

LF = 100% ÷ (100% + % Swell)

Therefore

BCM = LCM × LF

3. SHRINKAGE FACTOR

The ratio between compacted measure and bank measure is called the Shrinkage Factor (SF).

Formula

SF = CCM ÷ BCM

Where:

CCM = Compacted Cubic Metres
BCM = Bank Cubic Metres

4. MATERIAL DENSITY

Density is the weight per unit volume of a material.

Density = Mass ÷ Volume

Typical Units:

Density Unit	Description
kg/m³	Kilograms per cubic metre
t/m³	Tonnes per cubic metre

5. FILL FACTOR

Fill Factor is the percentage of an available bucket, bowl or body volume that is actually used.

A fill factor of 87% means 13% of the rated volume is unused.

Buckets often achieve fill factors greater than 100%.

Example

A 14 m³ bucket (heaped 2:1) has a 105% Fill Factor while excavating sandstone with:

Bank Density = 2,000 kg/BCM
Swell = 35%

Determine:

a) Loose density of material b) Usable bucket volume c) Bucket payload in BCM/pass d) Bucket payload in tonnes/pass

Solution

a) Loose Density

Loose Density (kg/LCM)

= Bank Density ÷ (1 + Swell)

= 2,000 ÷ 1.35

= 1,481.5 kg/LCM

b) Usable Bucket Volume

Usable Volume (LCM)

= Rated Volume × Fill Factor

= 14 × 1.05

= 14.7 LCM

c) Bucket Payload (BCM/Pass)

Weight per Pass

= Volume × Loose Density

= 14.7 × 1,481.5

= 21,778 kg

BCM per Pass

= Weight ÷ Bank Density

= 21,778 ÷ 2,000

= 10.89 BCM

Alternative Method: BCM per Pass

= LCM ÷ (1 + Swell)

= 14.7 ÷ 1.35

= 10.89 BCM

d) Bucket Payload (Tonnes/Pass)

Tonnes per Pass

= Weight ÷ 1,000

= 21,778 ÷ 1,000

= 21.8 tonnes

Quick Reference Summary

Measure	Description
BCM	Bank Cubic Metres
LCM	Loose Cubic Metres (excavated material)
CCM	Compacted Cubic Metres (compacted material)
LF	Load Factor = 100 ÷ (100 + % Swell)
SF	Shrinkage Factor = CCM ÷ BCM

Difficult Calculations

How to calculate Horsepower

Power Conversion: Kilowatts (kW) ↔ Horsepower (HP)

Conversion	Formula
Horsepower to Kilowatts	kW = HP × 0.746
Kilowatts to Horsepower	HP = kW × 1.341
1 HP	0.746 kW
1 kW	1.341 HP

Definitions

HP = Horsepower
kW = Kilowatt

Kilowatts to Horsepower Formula

HP = kW × 1.341

Example

Convert 15 kW to HP:

HP = 15 × 1.341

HP = 20.1 HP

Answer: 15 kW ≈ 20 HP

Horsepower to Kilowatts Formula

kW = HP × 0.746

Example

Convert 100 HP to kW:

kW = 100 × 0.746

kW = 74.6 kW

Answer: 100 HP = 74.6 kW

Height of Water behind the Dam

Problem: The forces acting per meter length of the dam shown are as follows

SHEQ Safety Protocol

HSE SAFETY REFERENCES (BUILDING & CIVIL SITES)

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